Spacetime Model

The Spacetime Model consists of five parts, which are:

1. Mass and Gravitation,
2. Constitution of Matter,
3. Quarks and Antimatter,
4. Electromagnetism,
5. Universe and Complements.

To access a given item, click on it below.

Part 1 - Mass and Gravitation

Index

Volumes

• Replacing Mass with "Closed Volume"
• The Three (of four) basic types of volumes
• Open and Closed Volumes
• Example: Atoms
• Hermetic Volumes
• Can Mass Be Replaced by Volume?
• An Interesting Example: Protons, Quarks, and Gluons
• Overview of Volumes

Curvature of Spacetime

• The Nature and Dynamics of Spacetime
• How we Understand Spacetime Today
• Spacetime Curvature: a True Mystery
• Solution to this Enigma
• Minkowski vs. Einstein Spacetime
• The Apparent Volumes Confusion
• Apparent Volumes in Spacetime
• Earth as an Apparent Volume
• Summary on Spacetime

Mass in Spacetime

• The True Nature of Mass
• Explanation of Mass
• Examples of Mass and Volume
• Overview: How Mass Emerges from Spacetime Curvature

Gravitation (or Gravity)

• Overview of Gravitation
• Is gravitation (or Gravity) an attractive force?
• Newton or Le Sage?
• Current Theory of Gravitation
• Real Theory of Gravitation
• Mass–Gravitation Relationship
• Earth–Moon Gravity
• Split Principle
• Cauchy Tensor
• Mass-Gravitation Interaction Map
• Overview: How Gravitation Emerges from Spacetime Curvature

Applications

• Applications of Mass and Gravity
• Mass of Relativistic Particles
• Contraction–Expansion of Spacetime
• The Twin Paradox
• Deflection of Light
• Understanding E = mc²
• Expansion of the Universe
• Filaments of Galaxies
• Mass Excess – Nuclear Fission
• Mass Defect – Nuclear Fusion
• Apparent Mass Increase of a Particle in a Crystal
• Enigma of Black Hole Mass — Radius
• Summary of Part 1

Part 2 - Duality and Matter

Index

Duality

• Revisiting Wave-particle Duality
• Historical Background of the Wave-Particle Duality
• Current View of Wave–Particle Duality
• Understanding this Enigma
• Examples of Wave-Corpuscle Duality
• Principles of Wave-Corpuscle Duality
• 1. First Principle of Duality
• 2. Second Principle of Duality
• 3. Third Principle of Duality
• The Photon Exception
• Overview of the Duality
• Perspectives of the Wave-Corpuscle Duality
• Summary of Wave-Corpuscle Duality

Speed of Light

• Electromagnetic Waves: The Constancy of Light Speed
• History of Light Velocity
• Separation of Media
• How the Primary Medium Enables Light to Travel
• Explanation of the Light’s Constant Speed
• Overview of Light Velocity

Spacetime

• Interactions and Fields in Spacetime
• EM Waves in Spacetime
• Mathematical Formalization
• Polarities in Spacetime
• Summary — Limits of Einstein’s Spacetime

Forces in Spacetime

• Spacetime Density and Emergent Forces
• Principle of Least Action
• Principle of Least density
• Waves in Spacetime
• Annihilation
• Attractive force
• Repulsive force
• Fusion force
• An Overview of Forces

Particles Annihilation

• Annihilation Processes in Spacetime Fields
• Creation of an e^-– e⁺ Pair
• Annihilation of an e^-– e⁺ Pair
• Recapitulation of Annihilations
• Electron vs. Positron
• Creation of the Neutrino–Antineutrino
• The Physicists’ Point of View
• Summary Concerning Annihilations

Nature of Particles

• Understanding Particle Behavior in Spacetime
• Particle Composition: Five Distinct Approaches
• Einstein’s View
• The Laws of the Universe
• Summary: Waves and Particles, A Spacetime Perspective

Clarification of Quantum Mechanics

• Understanding That We Live in a 100% Virtual World
• What We Know
• Conclusions about the Nature of Matter
• Examples of Matter as Virtual
• Summary of Part 2: A Spacetime Perspective

Part 3 - Quarks and Antimatter

Index

Fields in Spacetime

• Fields in Spacetime: A Reality?
• History of Fields in Spacetime
• The Two Known Fields
• Different Fields: Examples
• Von Laue Graphs
• Summary: Fields in Spacetime

Spacetime Cells (sCells)

• Spacetime Cells (sCells): Invisible but Indispensable
• Existence of sCells
• Properties of sCells
• Simulation of sCells Using Foam
• Basic Components of the Universe
• Example of sCells: the Water Continuum
• Example of sCells: a Hammer
• Understanding sCells
• Spacetime and the Role of sCells

Wave Model

• What the Wave Model Really Means
• Electrons in Atoms
• Schrödinger Orbitals
• What Is the Wave Model?
• Spacetime Model Interpretation
• Enigma of the Void in Atoms
• Confirmation of the Wave Model
• Photoelectric Effect (PE) Enigma
• Summary of the Wave Model

Quarks

• What Are Quarks Made Of
• Quarks
• U and d-Quarks
• Construction of Quarks - Hypothesis
• Gluons
• Quark Sphericity
• Origin of Quarks (hypothesis)
• Understanding Quarks: A Simplified Summary

Antimatter

• Where is Antimatter in the Universe?
• Starting Point
• Searching for Positrons
• Example with Isobaric Nuclei
• The Li-3 Exception
• Antimatter in the Universe
• Bethe Cycle – CNO Cycle
• Conclusions Concerning Antimatter
• Summary of Antimatter

Standard Model

• What is the "Standard Model"?
• The Standard Model
• Neutrinos in the Current Standard Model
• Neutrinos in the Spacetime Model
• Neutrino Charge
• Conclusions on Neutrinos
• Construction of the Standard Model
• Creation of the Universe
• Summary of the Standard Model

Nucleons and Gluons

• What’s Really Inside a Proton?
• Protons
• Neutrons
• Confirmation by Experimentation
• Asymptotic Freedom
• Feynman diagram
• Neutron vs. Hydrogen Atom
• Antineutrons
• Equality of Proton and Electron Charge
• Sphericity
• Possible Scheme for Gluons
• Overview of Quark and Gluon

Interactions in Spacetime

• How do interactions work in spacetime?
• Basic Principle
• Proposed Formulation (for Physicists)
• Summary of Particles Interactions in Spacetime

Part 4 - Electromagnetism

Index

Electromagnetic Foundations

• Rethinking Electromagnetism
• sCells
• Density of sCells: Electrons and Positrons
• Inside the sCells
• The 1/d² Rule
• Electrical Polarization of sCells
• Magnetic Polarization of sCells
• Principle of Electromagnetism
• Magnetic Monopoles
• Summary: The Basics of Electromagnetism

Spin

• The Enigma of Spin: Real, Useful… But What Is It?
• History of Spin
• Planck Constant: h or ħ
• Possible Explanation of Spin
• Spin Values
• The Spin Crisis
• Suggested Explanation of spin
• Spin Problems
• Bose–Einstein Condensate
• Research Approches to Spin
• Spin Explained: Beyond the Classical Intuition

The Paradox of Photons

• What Is a Photon? Understanding Light’s Quantum Nature
• The Wave Packet
• The Photon as a Particle
• The Photoelectric Effect
• The Photon as a Wave Packet
• Quantum Waves
• Example: Understanding the Quantum Wave
• Steps of a Quantum Wave
• Emission
• Propagation
• Reception
• Quantum Waves: Blotting Paper Analogy
• Mathematical Aspect of the Photon
• The Experimenter
• Summary of How Photons Work

Waves

• Rethinking Electromagnetism
• EM vs. Matter Waves
• Explanation of EM Waves
• Basics of Matter Waves
• Explanation of Matter Waves
• EM–Matter Wave Differences
• E = hν
• Annihilation e⁺e^-
• Dimensional Quantity
• Mass and Energy
• E = mc² (Using Volumes)
• Summary - Electromagnetic Waves

Applications

• Applications of Electromagnetism
• Young’s Slits – Description
• Young’s Slits – Enigma
• Young’s Slits – Explanation
• Young’s Slits – Validation (for physicists)
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Description
• Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Explanation
• EPR Paradox – Description
• EPR Paradox – Explanation
• Violation of the Causality Principle
• Causality Principle - Explanation
• Summary of key Applications of Electromagnetism

Part 5 - Universe

Index

Atoms Revisited

• Atoms and the Wave Model Explained
• Historical Background on Electrons
• Electrons as Waves
• The Bohr Model – Electronic Shells
• The Schrödinger Model
• The Pauli Exclusion Principle
• The Pauli Exclusion Principle – Explanation
• Quantized Orbitals
• Example of Levels: Magnets
• Explanation of Orbitals
• Summary of Atoms
• Energy Level E₀
• Puzzle of the Schrödinger Equation
• Atom Summary

Nuclear Structure

• Unveiling the Secrets of the Nucleus
• Isobars
• Nuclei
• Isotopes
• Structure of the Deuteron
• Binary Structure of the Nucleus
• Validation of the Binary Structure
• The Helium Nucleus
• Hydrogen Isotopes
• Isotopes of H-4
• Binding Energy
• Summary on the Nucleus

Quarks and Mesons

• Understanding Quarks and Mesons
• Charm/Strange (c/s) Quarks
• Top/Bottom (t/b) Quarks
• The π Mesons
• Muons
• Sphericity of the Meson
• Overview of Mesons and Muons

Radioactivity

• Unveiling the Origins of Radioactivity

• Origins of Radioactivity
• β- Radioactivity (Beta Minus)
• On the Origin of the Emitted Electron
• β+ Radioactivity (beta+)
• α Radioactivity (Alpha Decay)
• γ Radioactivity (Gamma Decay)
• Electron Capture
• An Overview of Radioactivity

Forces

• On the four forces
• Gravitational Force
• Strong Nuclear Force
• Electroweak Nuclear Force
• Electromagnetic Force
• Unification into Two Forces
• Summary on Forces

Universe

• Challenging the Big Bang Paradigm
• The Enigma of the Electron
• Two Possibilities
• 1 - Division of Spacetime
• 2 - Replication of sCells
• Quantum Darwinism
• Replication Scenario
• Creation of Spacetime
• Creation of the Universe
• Creation of Objects
• Enigmas of the Universe
• Dark Matter
• Big Bang Hypothesis
• The Main Question
• Summary on the Universe